116 inch actual size
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The intraclass correlation coefficient showed a very high reliability of the data, with values between 0.96 (cortical width) and 0.99 (kidney length). As a control of quality, the measurements were performed twice in a random sample of 50 data sets. The parameters measured were the number of kidneys, LPP, kidney length (KL) and width (KW) in axial slices, width of the parenchyma (PW) and the cortex (CW) in the arterial phase (Figure (Figure1a 1a and and1b), 1b), the width of the renal pelvis (WRP), ratio of the parenchyma to the renal pyelon (RPRP), the rotation status of the renal pelvis measured in the axial plane in relation to the reference sagittal median plane (AR), and the rotation status of the kidneys as measured in the sagittal plane in relation to the reference coronal plane (SR). All image analyses were carried out using a diagnostic monitor (Lenovo 6659 HG2, IBM, Raleigh, Morrisville, NC, USA), in consensus of two experienced radiologists. This procedure was performed retrospectively, once a week. If, after verification of the in- and exclusion criteria, an examination could be included into the study, the 0.625 mm collimated source images, which had been temporarily saved on the workstation, were sent to the Picture Acquisition and Communication System (PACS). The study design was retrospective cross-sectional. V., Mortsel, Belgium), with which individual reconstructions were also carried out.
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The software used was 3D PACS (Tiani 3D PACS software, version 3.3.16, Agfa-Gevaert N. There was at least one preliminary examination available for 949 patients. Taking all preliminary examinations (n = 4.580 abdominal CTs, 4.4 ± 4.3 examinations/patient range: 0-30) into consideration, image analysis was carried out by consensus of two radiologists. The 0.625 mm collimated source images were saved temporarily on a workstation from General Electric (AW 4.4, GE, Milwaukee, USA). Coronal and sagittal or axial reformatted images were prepared using a standard convolution kernel. Other protocols were used for 11% of the patients. The pancreas protocol was similar to the first, modified by a delay of 3 seconds before the arterial phase and omitting the fourth phase. The aortic protocol included imaging the aorta in 0.625 or 1.25 mm thick slices (TV 120 kV, TCM, NI 40, SFOV 50, pitch 0.984:1), and a subsequent scan of the abdomen in a venous phase. After a standardized weight-based administration of Iodixanol 320 with a flow of 5 ml/s (body weight in kg × 2 = contrast agent in ml Visipaque, GE Healthcare, Cork, Ireland), a bolus tracking procedure (SmartPrep, General Electric, Milwaukee, USA) was used to obtain a scan of the upper abdomen in an early arterial phase 2.5 mm slice thickness (ST), tube voltage (TV) 120 kV, tube current modulation (TCM), noise index (NI) 16, scan field of view (SFOV) ~50, pitch 0.984:1), of the abdomen in a portal venous phase (5 mm ST TV 120 kV, TCM, NI 18, SFOV 50, pitch 0.984:1), and of the abdomen 200 seconds later (2.5 mm ST). Some 41.6% of the patients were examined with liver, 35.8% with angiography, and 12.6% with pancreas protocols. The objectives of this study were thus to establish normal CT values for kidney dimensions from a group of unselected patients and identify potential influencing factors.Īll examinations were conducted on the same 64-slice MDCT scanner (Lightspeed VCT XT, General Electric, Milwaukee, USA). However, thus far no normal values exist, and the few known LPP values of healthy persons are different from the ones indicated by ultrasound. Aside from the acceptable reliable estimation of the LPP by ultrasound, all dimensions can now be easily determined by MRI, CT, and probably ultrasound as well. The renal dimensions also allow conclusions as to the single kidney glomerular filtration rate to be made. Moreover, changes in LPP, parenchymal width (PW), cortex width (CW), or volume can be associated with atherosclerotic renal disease, arterial hypertension, atherosclerotic renovascular disease, or diabetes mellitus, or be indicative of these. A short LPP usually allows chronic kidney failure to be easily distinguished from acute kidney failure with normal or enlarged values. The checker found no problems in this document.Normal ultrasound values for pole-to-pole kidney length (LPP) are well established for children, adults, and seniors. Acrobat Accessibility Report Accessibility Report Filename: label_examples.pdf Report created by: Organization: